ESC 1000 Earth Science Name:__Answers___

Chapter 16 & Appendix B Part K: Key Terms 48 Points

Fill in the blanks with the word(s) that best fit the description:

1. Meteorology-the scientific study of the atmosphere and atmosphere phenomena; the study of weather and climate.

2. summer solstice- solstice that occurs on June 21-22 in the Northern Hemisphere and December 21-22 in the Southern Hemisphere

3. winter solstice- the solstice that occurs on December 21-22 for the Northern Hemisphere and June 21-22 for Southern Hemisphere.

4. Tropic of Cancer- the parallel of latitude, 23½ degrees North latitude, marking the northern limit of Sun’s vertical rays.

5. Tropic of Capricorn- the parallel of latitude 23½ degrees south latitude marking the southern limit of Sun’s vertical rays.

6. stratosphere- layer immediately above troposphere characterized by increasing temperature with height, owing to the concentration of ozone.

7. thermosphere- region of atmosphere immediately above the mesosphere and characterized by increasing temperatures.

8. troposphere- the loser most layer of decrease in temperature within the atmosphere.

9. weather- the state of the atmosphere at any given time.

10. climate- a description of aggregate weather conditions, the sum of all statistical weather information that describes a place or region.

11. convection- the transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance. It can take place only in fluids (liquids or gases).

12. conduction- the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity. Energy is transferred through collisions from one molecule to another.

13. radiation- transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves.

14. infrared- radiation with a wavelength from 7.0 to 200 micrometers.

15. visible light- radiation with a wavelength from .4-.7 micrometers.

16. ultraviolet- radiation with a wavelength from .2-.4 micrometers.

17. temperature- a measure of degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual atoms or molecules in a substance.

18. spring equinox - (also vernal equinox) equinox in March 21-22 in the northern hemisphere and September 21-22 in southern hemisphere.

19. autumnal equinox - equinox occurs at the September 21-23 in the Northern Hemisphere and on March 21-22 in the Southern Hemisphere.

20. greenhouse effect- the transmission of short wave solar radiation by the atmosphere, coupled with selective absorption of longer wave length terrestrial radiation.

21. air - a mixture of many discrete gases of which nitrogen and oxygen are most abundant. In which varying quantities of tiny solid and liquid particles are suspended.

22. diffused light - solar energy scattered and reflected in the atmosphere that reaches earth's surface in the form of diffuse blue light from sky.

23. ozone - a molecule of oxygen containing 3 oxygen atoms.

24. heat - kinetic energy of random molecular motion

25. reflection - the process whereby light bounces back from an object at the same angle at which it encounters a surface and with the same intensity.

26. mesosphere -the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and characterized by the decreasing temperature with height.

27. circle of illumination - The great circle that separates daylight from darkness.

28. inclination of axis - the tilt of the earth's axis from the perpendicular plane of earth's axis

29. scattering- the redirecting (in all directions) of light by small particles and gas molecules in the atmosphere. The result is diffused light.

30. rotation- spinning of a body such as earth about its axis.

31. aerosols – tiny solid and liquid particle suspended in the atmosphere

32. albedo – the reflectivity of a substance, usually expressed in percentage of the incident radiation reflected.

33. electromagnetic radiation (same as radiation) - transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves

34. element (of weather and climate) Those quantities or properties of the atmosphere that are measured regularly and that are used to express the nature of weather and climate.

35. environmental lapse rate – The rate of the temperature decrease with increasing height in the troposphere

36. isotherm – Lines connecting points of equal temperature.

37. revolution – The motion of one body around another (i.e. The Earth about the Sun)

38. cold – the absence of heat

Words from Apendix B page 704

39. latitude – the distance, measured in degrees, north and south of the equator.

40. longitude - the distance, measured in degrees, east and west of the zero or prime meridian.

41. great circle – the largest possible circle that may be drawn on a globe

42. Equator – The great circle of the Earth that is 0^o latitude.

43. Meridian – the North-South lines of the earths grid system.

44. Parallel – the East-West lines of the earths grid system

45. Prime Meridian – The 0^o degree meridian, which is the meridian which passes through Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

46. Hemisphere – half of the earth when sliced in half at any great circle

47. Arctic Circle - the parallel of latitude, 66½ degrees North latitude, where north of this parallel it is possible to have 24 hours of daylight and 24 hours of darkness at various times of the year. It is also know as the land of the Midnight Sun.

48. Antarctic Circle - the parallel of latitude, 66½ degrees South latitude, where south of this parallel it is possible to have 24 hours of daylight and 24 hours of darkness at various times of the year.

Chapter 16 The Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Temperature Word List

Aerosols Air Albedo Autumnal Equinox Circle of Illumination Climate Cold Conduction Convection Diffused Light Electromagnetic Radiation Element (of weather and climate)

Environmental lapse rate Greenhouse effect Heat Inclination of the axis Infrared (radiation) Isotherm Meteorology Mesosphere Ozone Radiation Reflection Revolution Rotation

Scattering Spring Equinox (vernal) Stratosphere Summer solstice Temperature Thermosphere Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Troposphere Ultraviolet (radiation) Visible Light Weather Winter solstice

Appendix B Earth’s Grid System Word List

Latitude Longitude Meridians Parallels

Great Circles Hemisphere Equator Prime Meridian

Artic Circle Antarctic Circle