Earth Science 11th
Edition Vocabulary Chapter 9
By Reshawn Brown (GLY 1001 Student North Campus Fall 2006)
1.
AA flow (p. 254) A type of lava
flow that has a jagged blocky surface.
2.
Batholith (p. 270) A large mass of igneous rock that formed when magma was
emplaced at depth, crystallized, and subsequently exposed by erosion.
3.
Caldera (p. 263) A large
depression typically caused by collapse or ejection of the summit area of a
volcano.
4.
Cinder Cone (p. 259) A rather
small volcano built primarily of pyroclastics ejected
from a single vent.
5.
Columnar Joint (p. 269) A pattern
of cracks that form during cooling of molten rock to generate columns that are
generally six-sided.
6.
Composite Cone (p. 260) A volcano
composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic materials
7.
Conduit (p.256) A pipelike opening through which magma moves toward Earths
surface. It terminates at a surface opening called a vent.
8.
Continental Volcanic Arc (p. 278)
Mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated with the seduction of
oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent.
9.
Crater (p. 256) The depression at
the summit of a volcano, or that which is produced by a meteorite impact.
10.
Decompression Melting
(p. 271) Melting that occurs as rock ascends due to a drop in confining pressure.
11.
Dike (p. 269) - A tabular shaped
intrusive igneous feature thats cuts through the surrounding rock.
12.
Fissure (p. 255, 265) Volcano
activity frequently begins when a (crack) develop in the crust as magma moves
forcefully toward the surface.
13.
Fissure eruption (p. 266) An eruption
in which lava is extruded from narrow fractures or cracks in the crust.
14.
Flood basalt (p. 266) Flows of
basaltic lava that issue from numerous cracks or fissures and commonly cover
extensive areas to thickness of thousands of meters.
15.
Furmarole (p.256) A vent in a volcanic area from which fumes or gases escape.
16.
Geothermal Gradient (p. 271) The
gradual increase in temperature with depth in the crust. The average is 30*C
per kilometer in the upper crust
17.
Hot Spot (p. 279) A concentration
of heat in the mantle capable of producing magma, which in turn extrudes onto
Earths surface. The intraplate volcanism that
produced the
18.
Intraplate Volcanism (p. 279) Igneous activity that occurs within a tectonic
plate away from boundaries.
19.
island Arc (p.278) See Volcanic
island arc
20.
Laccolith (p.269) A massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata.
21.
Lahar (p.262) Mudflows on the slopes of volcanoes that result when unstable
layers of ash and debris become saturated.
22.
Mantle Plume (p. 279) A mass of
hotter than normal mantle material that ascends toward the surface, where it
may lead to igneous activity. These plumes of solid yet mobile material may
originate as deep as the core-mantle boundary.
23.
Muee Ardente (p. 262) Destructive fiery flows,
capable of racing down steep volcanic slopes at speeds that can approach 200 kilometers(125) per hour.
24.
Pahoehoe Flow (p. 254) A lava flow with a smooth-to-ropey surface.
25.
Parasitic Cone (p. 256) A volcanic
cone that forms on the flank of a larger volcano.
26.
Partial Melting (p. 273) The
process by which most igneous rocks melt. Since individual minerals have
different melting points, most igneous rocks melt over a temperature range of a
few hundred degrees. If the liquid is squeezed out after some melting has occurred,
a melt with a higher silica content results.
27.
Pipe (p. 256) A vertical conduit
through which magmatic materials have passed.
28.
Pluton (p. 267) A structure that results from the emplacement and
crystallization of magma beneath the surface of Earth.
29.
Pyroclastic Flow (p. 255) A highly heated mixture, largely of ash and pumice
fragments, traveling down the flanks of a volcano or along the surface of the
ground.
30.
Pyroclastic Material (p. 262) The volcanic rock ejected during an eruption,
including ash, bombs, and blocks.
31.
Scoria Cone (p. 259) See cinder
cone
32.
Shield Volcano (p. 257) A broad,
gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas.
33.
Sill (p. 269) A tabular igneous
body that was intruded parallel to the layering of preexisting rock.
34.
Strato volcanoes (p. 260) See composite cone.
35.
Vent (p. 256) surface opening
36.
Viscosity (p. 253) A measure of a
fluids resistance to flow.
37.
Volatiles (p. 253) Gaseous
components of magma dissolved in the melt. Volatiles will readily vaporize
(form a gas) at surface pressures.
38.
39.
Volcanic Neck (p. 267) An
isolated, steep-sided, erosional remnant consisting
of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano.
40.
Volcano (p. 256) A mountain formed
of lava and/or pyroclastics.